哀公
鲁哀公问于孔子曰:“吾欲论吾国之士,与之治国,敢问如何取之邪?”孔子 对曰:“生今之世,志古之道:居今之俗,服古之服;舍此而为非者,不亦鲜乎!” 哀公曰:“然则夫章甫絇屦,绅带而搢笏者,此贤乎?”孔子对曰:“不必然,夫 端衣玄裳,絻而乘路者,志不在于食荤;斩衰菅屦,杖而啜粥者,志不在于酒肉。 生今之世,志古之道;居今之俗,服古之服;舍此而为非者,虽有,不亦鲜乎!” 哀公曰:“善!”
孔子曰:“人有五仪:有庸人,有士,有君子,有贤人,有大圣。”哀公曰: “敢问何如斯可谓庸人矣?”孔子对曰:“所谓庸人者,口不道善言,心不知邑邑; 不知选贤人善士托其身焉以为己忧;动行不知所务,止立不知所定;日选择于物, 不知所贵;从物如流,不知所归;五凿为正,心从而坏:如此则可谓庸人矣。”哀 公曰:“善!敢问何如斯可谓士矣?”孔子对曰:“所谓士者,虽不能尽道术,必 有率也;虽不能遍美善,必有处也。是故知不务多,务审其所知;言不务多,务审 其所谓;行不务多,务审其所由。故知既已知之矣,言既已谓之矣,行既已由之矣, 则若性命肌肤之不可易也。故富贵不足以益也,卑贱不足以损也:如此则可谓士矣。” 哀公曰:“善!敢问何如斯可谓之君子矣?”孔子对曰:“所谓君子者,言忠信而 心不德,仁义在身而色不伐,思虑明通而辞不争,故犹然如将可及者,君子也。” 哀公曰:“善!敢问何如斯可谓贤人矣?”孔子对曰:“所谓贤人者,行中规绳而 不伤于本,言足法于天下而不伤于身,富有天下而无怨财,布施天下而不病贫:如 此则可谓贤人矣。”哀公曰:“善!敢问何如斯可谓大圣矣?”孔子对曰:“所谓 大圣者,知通乎大道,应变而不穷,辨乎万物之情性者也。大道者,所以变化遂成 万物也;情性者,所以理然不取舍也。是故其事大辨乎天地,明察乎日月,总要万 物于风雨,缪缪肫肫,其事不可循,若天之嗣,其事不可识,百姓浅然不识其邻: 若此则可谓大圣矣。”哀公曰:“善!”
鲁哀公问舜冠于孔子,孔子不对。三问不对。哀公曰:“寡人问舜冠于子,何 以不言也?”孔子曰:“古之王者,有务而拘领者矣,其政好生而恶杀焉。是以凤 在列树,麟在郊野,乌鹊之巢可俯而窥也。君不此问,而问舜冠,所以不对也。”
鲁哀公问于孔子曰:“寡人生于深宫之中,长于妇人之手,寡人未尝知哀也, 未尝知忧也,未尝知劳也,未尝知惧也,未尝知危也。”孔子曰:“君之所问,圣 君之问也,丘、小人也,何足以知之?”曰:“非吾子无所闻之也。”孔子曰: “君入庙门而右,登自胙阶,仰视榱栋,俯见几筵,其器存,其人亡,君以此思哀, 则哀将焉而不至矣?君昧爽而栉冠,平明而听朝,一物不应,乱之端也,君以此思 忧,则忧将焉而不至矣?君平明而听朝,日昃而退,诸侯之子孙必有在君之末庭者, 君以思劳,则劳将焉而不至矣?君出鲁之四门,以望鲁四郊,亡国之虚则必有数盖 焉,君以此思惧,则惧将焉而不至矣?且丘闻之,君者,舟也;庶人者,水也。水 则载舟,水则覆舟,君以此思危,则危将焉而不至矣?”
鲁哀公问于孔子曰:“绅委章甫有益于仁乎?”孔子蹴然曰:“君号然也?资 衰苴杖者不听乐,非耳不能闻也,服使然也。黼衣黼裳者不茹荤,非口不能味也, 服使然也。且丘闻之,好肆不守折,长者不为市。窃其有益与其无益,君其知之矣。”
鲁哀公问于孔子曰:“请问取人。”孔子对曰:“无取健,无取詌,无取口啍。 健、贪也;詌、乱也;口啍、诞也。故弓调而后求劲焉,马服而后求良焉,士信悫 而后求知能焉。士不信尒而有多知能,譬之其豺狼也,不可以身尒也。语曰:‘桓 公用其贼,文公用其盗。故明主任计不信怒,闇主信怒不任计。计胜怒则强,怒胜 计则亡。”
定公问于颜渊曰:“子亦闻东野毕之善驭乎?”颜渊对曰:“善则善矣,虽然, 其马将失。”定公不悦,入谓左右曰:“君子固谗人乎!。”三日而校来谒,曰: “东野毕之马失。两骖列,两服入厩。”定公越席而起曰:“趋驾召颜渊!”颜渊 至,定公曰:“前日寡人问吾子,吾子曰:‘东野毕之驶善则善矣,虽然,其马将 失。’不识吾子何以知之?”颜渊对曰:“臣以政知之。昔舜巧于使民,而造父巧 于使马;舜不穷其民,造父不穷其马;是以舜无失民,造父无失马。今东野毕之驭, 上车执辔衔,体正矣;步骤驰骋,朝礼毕矣;历险致远,马力尽矣;然犹求马不已, 是以知之也。”定公曰:“善,可得少进乎?”颜渊对曰:“臣闻之,鸟穷则啄, 兽穷则攫,人穷则诈。自古及今,未有穷其下而能无危者也。”
lu ai gong wen yu kong zi yue:“ wu yu lun wu guo zhi shi, yu zhi zhi guo, gan wen ru he qu zhi xie?” kong zi dui yue:“ sheng jin zhi shi, zhi gu zhi dao: ju jin zhi su, fu gu zhi fu; she ci er wei fei zhe, bu yi xian hu!” ai gong yue:“ ran ze fu zhang fu? ju, shen dai er?| hu zhe, ci xian hu?” kong zi dui yue:“ bu bi ran, fu duan yi xuan chang,? er cheng lu zhe, zhi bu zai yu shi hun; zhan shuai jian ju, zhang er chuo zhou zhe, zhi bu zai yu jiu rou。 sheng jin zhi shi, zhi gu zhi dao; ju jin zhi su, fu gu zhi fu; she ci er wei fei zhe, sui you, bu yi xian hu!” ai gong yue:“ shan!”
kong zi yue:“ ren you wu yi: you yong ren, you shi, you jun zi, you xian ren, you da sheng。” ai gong yue: “ gan wen he ru si ke wei yong ren yi?” kong zi dui yue:“ suo wei yong ren zhe, kou bu dao shan yan, xin bu zhi yi yi; bu zhi xuan xian ren shan shi tuo qi shen yan yi wei ji you; dong xing bu zhi suo wu, zhi li bu zhi suo ding; ri xuan ze yu wu, bu zhi suo gui; cong wu ru liu, bu zhi suo gui; wu zao wei zheng, xin cong er huai: ru ci ze ke wei yong ren yi。” ai gong yue:“ shan! gan wen he ru si ke wei shi yi?” kong zi dui yue:“ suo wei shi zhe, sui bu neng jin dao shu, bi you lv ye; sui bu neng bian mei shan, bi you chu ye。 shi gu zhi bu wu duo, wu shen qi suo zhi; yan bu wu duo, wu shen qi suo wei; xing bu wu duo, wu shen qi suo you。 gu zhi ji yi zhi zhi yi, yan ji yi wei zhi yi, xing ji yi you zhi yi, ze ruo xing ming ji fu zhi bu ke yi ye。 gu fu gui bu zu yi yi ye, bei jian bu zu yi sun ye: ru ci ze ke wei shi yi。” ai gong yue:“ shan! gan wen he ru si ke wei zhi jun zi yi?” kong zi dui yue:“ suo wei jun zi zhe, yan zhong xin er xin bu de, ren yi zai shen er se bu fa, si lv ming tong er ci bu zheng, gu you ran ru jiang ke ji zhe, jun zi ye。” ai gong yue:“ shan! gan wen he ru si ke wei xian ren yi?” kong zi dui yue:“ suo wei xian ren zhe, xing zhong gui sheng er bu shang yu ben, yan zu fa yu tian xia er bu shang yu shen, fu you tian xia er wu yuan cai, bu shi tian xia er bu bing pin: ru ci ze ke wei xian ren yi。” ai gong yue:“ shan! gan wen he ru si ke wei da sheng yi?” kong zi dui yue:“ suo wei da sheng zhe, zhi tong hu da dao, ying bian er bu qiong, bian hu wan wu zhi qing xing zhe ye。 da dao zhe, suo yi bian hua sui cheng wan wu ye; qing xing zhe, suo yi li ran bu qu she ye。 shi gu qi shi da bian hu tian di, ming cha hu ri yue, zong yao wan wu yu feng yu, mou mou zhun zhun, qi shi bu ke xun, ruo tian zhi si, qi shi bu ke shi, bai xing qian ran bu shi qi lin: ruo ci ze ke wei da sheng yi。” ai gong yue:“ shan!”
lu ai gong wen shun guan yu kong zi, kong zi bu dui。 san wen bu dui。 ai gong yue:“ gua ren wen shun guan yu zi, he yi bu yan ye?” kong zi yue:“ gu zhi wang zhe, you wu er ju ling zhe yi, qi zheng hao sheng er e sha yan。 shi yi feng zai lie shu, lin zai jiao ye, wu que zhi chao ke fu er kui ye。 jun bu ci wen, er wen shun guan, suo yi bu dui ye。”
lu ai gong wen yu kong zi yue:“ gua ren sheng yu shen gong zhi zhong, chang yu fu ren zhi shou, gua ren wei chang zhi ai ye, wei chang zhi you ye, wei chang zhi lao ye, wei chang zhi ju ye, wei chang zhi wei ye。” kong zi yue:“ jun zhi suo wen, sheng jun zhi wen ye, qiu、 xiao ren ye, he zu yi zhi zhi?” yue:“ fei wu zi wu suo wen zhi ye。” kong zi yue: “ jun ru miao men er you, deng zi zuo jie, yang shi cui dong, fu jian ji yan, qi qi cun, qi ren wang, jun yi ci si ai, ze ai jiang yan er bu zhi yi? jun mei shuang er zhi guan, ping ming er ting chao, yi wu bu ying, luan zhi duan ye, jun yi ci si you, ze you jiang yan er bu zhi yi? jun ping ming er ting chao, ri ze er tui, zhu hou zhi zi sun bi you zai jun zhi mo ting zhe, jun yi si lao, ze lao jiang yan er bu zhi yi? jun chu lu zhi si men, yi wang lu si jiao, wang guo zhi xu ze bi you shu gai yan, jun yi ci si ju, ze ju jiang yan er bu zhi yi? qie qiu wen zhi, jun zhe, zhou ye; shu ren zhe, shui ye。 shui ze zai zhou, shui ze fu zhou, jun yi ci si wei, ze wei jiang yan er bu zhi yi?”
lu ai gong wen yu kong zi yue:“ shen wei zhang fu you yi yu ren hu?” kong zi cu ran yue:“ jun hao ran ye? zi shuai ju zhang zhe bu ting le, fei er bu neng wen ye, fu shi ran ye。 fu yi fu chang zhe bu ru hun, fei kou bu neng wei ye, fu shi ran ye。 qie qiu wen zhi, hao si bu shou zhe, chang zhe bu wei shi。 qie qi you yi yu qi wu yi, jun qi zhi zhi yi。”
lu ai gong wen yu kong zi yue:“ qing wen qu ren。” kong zi dui yue:“ wu qu jian, wu qu?, wu qu kou??。 jian、 tan ye;?、 luan ye; kou??、 dan ye。 gu gong tiao er hou qiu jin yan, ma fu er hou qiu liang yan, shi xin que er hou qiu zhi neng yan。 shi bu xin?┒? xie di? sao?┲? ru han qie bo? huan shao yun?┮ bingS juan hu hai? gong yong qi zei, wen gong yong qi dao。 gu ming zhu ren ji bu xin nu,? zhu xin nu bu ren ji。 ji sheng nu ze qiang, nu sheng ji ze wang。”
ding gong wen yu yan yuan yue:“ zi yi wen dong ye bi zhi shan yu hu?” yan yuan dui yue:“ shan ze shan yi, sui ran, qi ma jiang shi。” ding gong bu yue, ru wei zuo you yue:“ jun zi gu chan ren hu!。” san ri er xiao lai ye, yue: “ dong ye bi zhi ma shi。 liang can lie, liang fu ru jiu。” ding gong yue xi er qi yue:“ qu jia zhao yan yuan!” yan yuan zhi, ding gong yue:“ qian ri gua ren wen wu zi, wu zi yue:‘ dong ye bi zhi shi shan ze shan yi, sui ran, qi ma jiang shi。’ bu shi wu zi he yi zhi zhi?” yan yuan dui yue:“ chen yi zheng zhi zhi。 xi shun qiao yu shi min, er zao fu qiao yu shi ma; shun bu qiong qi min, zao fu bu qiong qi ma; shi yi shun wu shi min, zao fu wu shi ma。 jin dong ye bi zhi yu, shang che zhi pei xian, ti zheng yi; bu zhou chi cheng, chao li bi yi; li xian zhi yuan, ma li jin yi; ran you qiu ma bu yi, shi yi zhi zhi ye。” ding gong yue:“ shan, ke de shao jin hu?” yan yuan dui yue:“ chen wen zhi, niao qiong ze zhuo, shou qiong ze jue, ren qiong ze zha。 zi gu ji jin, wei you qiong qi xia er neng wu wei zhe ye。”
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